Wednesday, January 29, 2020
The Ozone Layer and how it effects Earth Essay Example for Free
The Ozone Layer and how it effects Earth Essay The ozone layer is a region of concentration of the ozone (O3) molecule in the Earths atmosphere. The layer sits at an altitude of about 10 to 50 kilometers, with a maximum concentration in the stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 25 kilometers. In recent years, scientists have measured a seasonal thinning of the ozone layer primarily at the South Pole. This phenomenon is being called the ozone hole. The ozone layer naturally shields Earths life from the harmful effects of the suns ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A severe decrease in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer could lead to the effects of an increase in the incidence of skin cancer (UV radiation can destroy acids in DNA), a large increase in cataracts and sun burning, suppression of immune systems in organism, adverse impact on crops and animals, reduction in the growth of phytoplankton found in the Earths oceans, and cooling of the Earths stratosphere and possibly some surface climate effect. Ozone is created naturally in the stratosphere by the combining of atomic oxygen (O) with molecular oxygen (O2). This process is activated by sunlight. Ozone is destroyed naturally by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation, and by the collision of ozone with other atmospheric atoms and molecules. Since the late 1970s, scientists have discovered that stratospheric ozone amounts over Antarctica in springtime (September November) have decreased by as much as 60 %. Satellite measurements (NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) have indicated a 3 % decrease in ozone between 65Â ° North 65Â ° South since 1978. A reduction of about 3 % per year has been measured for Antarctica where most of the ozone loss is occurring globally. During the late 1990s, large losses of ozone were recorded above Antarctica year after year in the months of September and August. In some years, spring levels of stratospheric ozone were more than 50 % lower than the levels recorded months prior to the seasonal development of the hole.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers
                                             Of Mice and Men      In the story Of Mice and Men, there are two main characters, names George and Lennie. On their journey, they encounter many different themes, such as the toughness of life and euthanasia. Friendship is also a very important theme, probably the most important, because these two people’s friendship grows and crumbles. The last theme is also very important; it is the question of fate.      Friendship is a very complicated word. What does it mean? Does it mean always protecting someone, looking out for them, or does it mean killing them you so someone else will not torture them? Whatever it means, it happens in this story between the two main characters, George and Lennie. George used Lennie for protection; he also looked out for Lennie’s feelings. But he killed Lennie in his darkest hour, so he would not be tortured after Lennie killed Curly’s wife. What does it mean? No one really knows the hole meaning.      Life is hard, plain and simple. Nothing comes easy to anyone, whether it is deciding someone’s fate or just giving one person who may be different respect. For all the characters in this book, something stands in the way of their life being perfect. Like George has to protect Lennie from being hurt mentally but also wants to fit in with the rest of the people. Or Crooks, who just happened to be, black and crippled and has to sleep in a different bunkhouse than the rest of the farmhands. So life is hard and sometimes there is no way around it, but the best thing you can do is cope with it.      Euthanasia means a rightful killing. This happens many times in the story, George killing Lennie and Carlson killing Candy’s dog. But is there such thing as euthanasia? George was not happy when he had to kill his best friend, and Candy was not happy to see his dog die. So what does that mean? Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers                                              Of Mice and Men      In the story Of Mice and Men, there are two main characters, names George and Lennie. On their journey, they encounter many different themes, such as the toughness of life and euthanasia. Friendship is also a very important theme, probably the most important, because these two people’s friendship grows and crumbles. The last theme is also very important; it is the question of fate.      Friendship is a very complicated word. What does it mean? Does it mean always protecting someone, looking out for them, or does it mean killing them you so someone else will not torture them? Whatever it means, it happens in this story between the two main characters, George and Lennie. George used Lennie for protection; he also looked out for Lennie’s feelings. But he killed Lennie in his darkest hour, so he would not be tortured after Lennie killed Curly’s wife. What does it mean? No one really knows the hole meaning.      Life is hard, plain and simple. Nothing comes easy to anyone, whether it is deciding someone’s fate or just giving one person who may be different respect. For all the characters in this book, something stands in the way of their life being perfect. Like George has to protect Lennie from being hurt mentally but also wants to fit in with the rest of the people. Or Crooks, who just happened to be, black and crippled and has to sleep in a different bunkhouse than the rest of the farmhands. So life is hard and sometimes there is no way around it, but the best thing you can do is cope with it.      Euthanasia means a rightful killing. This happens many times in the story, George killing Lennie and Carlson killing Candy’s dog. But is there such thing as euthanasia? George was not happy when he had to kill his best friend, and Candy was not happy to see his dog die. So what does that mean?
Monday, January 13, 2020
Importance of Quality in Different Manufacturing Processes
| Importance of Quality in different manufacturing processes| | | | | | | | TERM PAPER â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This term paper would not be accomplished without the generous contributions of individuals and organizations. I am very much grateful to them for their unlimited help and support. Additionally, we thank our course instructor Fateh Pal Singh who believed that I could terminate this term paper on time. His moral guidelines, endless effort, and joyful encouragement made me successful in this paper.Furthermore, I want to show our appreciation to the executives, to the librarians of LPU library, and to the lab-assistants of the computer labs, for their unlimited patience during the time of research writing. Moreover, I are also thankful to our classmates, and friends for their helps and supports. I would like to show our endless gratitude by specifying name o f FATEH PAL SINGH  for her support in this term paper. †¦Mayank Sibal†¦ ROLL NO. :RF4005B37 Contents: 1. Defination of Quality 2. Activities of Quality 3. Quality Control 4.Quality Improvment 5. Steps of Quality Improved in Manufacturing Process 6. Taguchi’s Approach to quality Engineering 7. Robust Design 8. Adverse Performance Shaping Factors DEFINITION OF QUALITY How is quality defined? It is interesting to observe how its definition varies according to the particular emphasis of quality activities. Juran (1964) defines quality as fitness for use. Crosby (1979) describes quality in terms of conformance to requirements. Deming (1986) says that quality is concerned with the present and future needs of the customer.For Feigenbaum (1983) quality is to do with the combined product characteristics of engineering and manufacture that determine the degree to which the product will meet the expectations of the customer. Taguchi (1986) defines quality as the loss a prod uct causes society once it has been shipped, apart from any losses caused by its intrinsic functions. According to ISO 8402 (International Organization for Standardization,1986), quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that have a bearing on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.Recently, the most widely used definition is that of ISO 9001 (2000). It says that a quality is a characteristic that a product or service must have. For example, products much be reliable, useable, and repairable. These are some of the characteristics that a good quality product must have. Similarly, service should becourteous, efficient, and effective. These are some of the characteristics that a good quality service must have. In short, a quality is a desirable characteristic. However, not all qualities are equal. Some are more important than others. The most important qualities are the ones that customers want.These are the qualities that products and serv ices must have. So providing quality products and services is all about meeting customer requirements. ACTIVITIES OF QUALITY In the manufacturing industry, activities concerned with quality can be divided into six stages: 1. Product planning: planning for the function, price, life cycle, etc. of the product concerned. 2. Product design: designing the product to have the functions decided in product planning. 3. Process design: designing the manufacturing process to have the functions decided in the product design. 4.Production: the process of actually making the product so that it is of the designed quality. 5. Sales: activities to sell the manufactured product. 6. After-sales service: customer service activities such as maintenance and product services. * Note that there are three different characteristics of quality in an overall quality system in the manufacturing industry: 1. Quality of design: quality of product planning, product designand process design. 2. Quality of conforma nce: quality of production. 3. Quality of service: quality of sales and after-sales services. Nowadays, these three aspects of quality are equally important in the manufacturing company. If any one of them is not up to the mark, then the overall quality system is unbalanced, and the company will face serious problems. Quality control Quality control is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. This approach places an emphasis on three aspects: 1. Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records 2. Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications 3.Soft elements, such as, personnel integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit and quality relationships. 4. The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspects is deficient in any way. Quality control emphasizes testing of products to uncov er defects, and reporting to management who make the decision to allow or deny the release, whereas quality assurance attempts to improve and stabilize production, and associated processes, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that led to the defects in the first place. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Quality improvement There are many methods for quality improvement. These cover product improvement, process improvement and people based improvement. In the following list are methods of quality management and techniques that incorporate and drive quality improvement: 1. ISO 9004:2008  guidelines for performance improvement. 2. ISO 15504-4: 2005  information technology  process assessment  Part 4: Guidance on use for process improvement and process capability determination. 3.QFD  quality function deployment, also known as the house of quality appr oach. 4. Kaizen  Japanese for change for the better; the common English term is continuous improvement. 5. Zero Defect Program  created by NEC Corporation of Japan, based upon statistical process control and one of the inputs for the inventors of Six Sigma. 6. Six Sigma  6? , Six Sigma combines established methods such as statistical process control, design of experiments and FMEA in an overall framework. 7. PDCA  plan, do, check, act cycle for quality control purposes. Six Sigma's DMAIC method (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) may be viewed as a particular implementation of this. ) 8. Quality circle  a group (people oriented) approach to improvement. 9. Taguchi methods  statistical oriented methods including quality robustness, quality loss function, and target specifications. 10. The Toyota Production System  reworked in the west into lean manufacturing. 11. Kansei Engin eering  an approach that focuses on capturing customer emotional feedback about products to drive improvement. 12.TQM â€â€Ã‚ total quality management is a management strategy aimed at embedding awareness of quality in all organizational processes. First promoted in Japan with the Deming prize which was adopted and adapted in USA as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and in Europe as the European Foundation for Quality Management award (each with their own variations). 13. TRIZ  meaning â€Å"theory of inventive problem solving†14. BPR â€â€Ã‚ business process reengineering, a management approach aiming at ‘clean slate' improvements (That is, ignoring existing practices). 5. OQM  Object-oriented Quality Management, a model for quality management. Proponents of each approach have sought to improve them as well as apply them for small, medium and large gains. Simple one is Process Approach, which forms the bas is of ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System standard, duly driven from the ‘Eight principles of Quality managagement', process approach being one of them. Thareja[4] writes about the mechanism and benefits: â€Å"The process (proficiency) may be limited in words, but not in its applicability.While it fulfills the criteria of all-round gains: in terms of the competencies augmented by the participants; the organisation seeks newer directions to the business success, the individual brand image of both the people and the organisation, in turn, goes up. The competencies which were hitherto rated as being smaller, are better recognized and now acclaimed to be more potent and fruitful†. [5] The more complex Quality improvement tools are tailored for enterprise types not originally targeted. For example, Six Sigma was designed for manufacturing but has spread to service enterprises.Each of these approaches and methods has met with success but also with failures. Some of the common differentiators between success and failure include commitment, knowledge and expertise to guide improvement, scope of change/improvement desired (Big Bang type changes tend to fail more often compared to smaller changes) and adaption to enterprise cultures. For example, quality circles do not work well in every enterprise (and are even discouraged by some managers), and relatively few TQM-participating enterprises have won the national quality awards. There have been well publicized failures of BPR, as well as Six Sigma.Enterprises therefore need to consider carefully which quality improvement methods to adopt, and certainly should not adopt all those listed here. It is important not to underestimate the people factors, such as culture, in selecting a quality improvement approach. Any improvement (change) takes time to implement, gain acceptance and stabilize as accepted practice. Improvement must allow pauses between implementing new changes so that the change is stabi lized and assessed as a real improvement, before the next improvement is made (hence continual improvement, not continuous improvement).Seven step quality manufacturing process improvement Improving quality manufacturing processes can result in decreased waste, better quality products, and an overall improvement in customer satisfaction. The following are tips for seven step quality manufacturing process improvement. Before you start, however, you will want to develop a committee that is in charge of overseeing the steps and making sure they come to fruition. It's best to involve the whole company if possible, but in the beginning a committee can help to ensure the steps are completed and taken from beginning to end.Step one: The first step is to define the actual process. This is important as it provides a foundation for improving your processes. During this first step, you should name the process and its purpose, as well as its starting and ending points, inputs and outputs, and y our overall requirements. It would also be a good idea to identify the customers and suppliers who will be affected by this process Step two: The next step involves identifying areas of improvement that are needed. This process is usually done by selecting a random sampling of a particular product that is being manufactured.This product is then tested for a variety of things that will have an impact on the end user and consumer. This can include durability, materials, toxicity, and so forth. There are a number of ways to go about this in manufacturing. Some of the more common areas of improvement in manufacturing include disintegration of parts, loose fasteners, and so forth and should be a main focus. Step three: Identify potential solutions for the problems. Once the problems have been identified, it is important to then find solutions for them. Brainstorm ith the committee, or consult specialists or higher ups in the manufacturing plants that can help you to arrive at the best po ssible solution. Additionally, you will want to get feedback from those who work on or with the process on a daily basis. Step four: After you have identified problem areas and then brainstormed for improvements, step four involves developing a more detailed solution for each problem area. In detailing how to solve the problem, include a budget, determine what personnel are necessary for making the improvements, conduct a projected cost analysis, and a time frame for completing the overall improvements.You will also need to determine how the rest of the manufacturing plant will be affected by this and whether it will slow production at any level. Step five: Put your plan into action. After a detailed plan has been made, it is time to implement it to improve your processes. Now is the time to involve everyone, from the highest levels of management in the manufacturing company down to the workers who utilize the process. Step six: Evaluate. Once you have put your plan into action and have achieved the results from it, you will need to evaluate your improvement process as a whole.Ask yourselves if the process had its desired effect. Was the process successful? Did it fix the problem? Did it eliminate waste? Did you implement the improvements on time and within budget? All of these factors should be taken into consideration. Step seven: Continue to repeat steps two and six as often as necessary to achieve improvement within the manufacturing plant. The overall goal is to decrease the need for a committee, and instead have all members of the plant continually working to improve. TAGUCHI’S APPROACH TO QUALITY ENGINEERINGA product’s cost can be divided into two main parts: before sale and after sale to the customer. The costs incurred before sale are the manufacturing costs, and the costs incurred after sale are those due to quality loss. A defective product which is scrapped or reworked prior to shipment is viewed by Taguchi as a manufacturing cost to the company, but not a quality loss. Qualityengineering is an interdisciplinary science which is concerned with not only producing satisfactory products for customers but also reducing the total loss (manufacturing cost plus quality loss).Hence, quality engineering involved engineering design, process operations, after-sales services, economics and statistics. Taguchi’s impact on the concept of quality control in the manufacturing industry has been far-reaching. His quality engineering system has been used successfully by many companies in Japan, the USA and elsewhere. Recently it is reported that several companies in Korea have used his methods with great success. He emphasizes the importance of designing quality control into the manufacturing processes.Also, he stresses that quality variation is the main enemy of quality engineering and that every effort should be made to reduce the variation in quality characteristics. Taguchi extensively uses experimental design primarily as a tool to design products more robust (which means less sensitive) to noise factors. Robust design is an engineering methodology for optimizing the product and process conditions which are minimally sensitive to the various causes of variation, and which produce high-quality products with low development and manufacturing costs. Taguchi’s parameter design is an important tool for robust design.His tolerance design can be also classified as a robust design. In a narrow sense robust design is identical to parameter design, but in a wider sense parameter design is a subset of robust design. Two major tools used in robust design are: * signal-to-noise ratio, which measures quality with emphasis on variation. * orthogonal arrays, which accommodate many design factors (parameters) simultaneously. References: 1. Internet: www. mitlecture. com www. wikipidia. com www. google. com/books 2. Books: 1. Kalpeak Jain 2. â€Å"Fundamental of Morden Manufacturing†By, Mp Grover
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Analysis Of M. Butterfly By David Henry Hwang Essay
M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, focuses and explores on this central theme of sexism towards women in most cultures. Sexism refers to the prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping of an individual on the basis of their sex. Throughout M. Butterfly, sexism is illustrated through the actions of the protagonist, Rene Gallimard. Aside from this, sexism is also illustrated in most of the conversations that the characters in the play exchange. David Henry Hwang explores the different stereotypes and discriminations against women and how these stereotypes and discriminations not only affect Oriental women but women of the West as well. The plot of the story surrounds this man, Rene Gallimard, who is a French diplomat being sent to China. Although a married man, he begins to fall in love with Song Liling, an opera singer. Gallimard and Liling begin a secret relationship but at the end it is uncovered that Song Liling was actually a Chinese spy and not other than a man. The theme of the play begins to unravel here when it comes to the reader’s notice that the focus of this play is based on this fantasy stereotype which Gallimard holds for Song, even when finding out she is in reality a man. Throughout M. Butterfly, Gallimard manner of speaking towards Song demonstrates this idea of this fantasy stereotype. This term of â€Å"fantasy stereotype†refers to this concept that men hold of women and how the â€Å"perfect woman†should act and be. Fantasy stereotype is part of the sexismShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of M. Butterfly By David Henry Hwang1772 Words  | 8 Pagesalong Western and Eastern lines, and we expect the nation-states to act accordingly. David Henry Hwang, author of M. Butterfly, describes the scenario through one of his characters, Song Liling, as â€Å"The West thinks of itself as masculine – big guns, big industry, big money – so the East is feminine – weak, delicate, poor†¦but good at art, and full of inscrutable wisdom – the feminine mystique†(Hwang 1988). Hwang lays out this relationship between the East and West as a relationship between man andRead More Feminism in M. Butterfly Essay2722 Words  | 11 PagesFeminism in M. Butterfly In the 1989 drama M. Butterfly, the masterwork of contemporary American playwright David Henry Hwang, the topic of sexual politics underlies all other themes, and creates a tension between the genders that pervades throughout the text; moreover, Hwang subverts traditional thematic aspects of sexual politics by questioning the most fundamental unit of sex by considering the very nature of gender and what defines a male or a female. These elements unite and develop a
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